Site Updated: August 2025
details
TR sequences
The intrinsic telomerase RNA (TR) component contains the template for nucleotide synthesis. TR contains a universal pseudoknot and a ubiquitous stem-loop junction structure [helix IV in ciliates, CR4/5 in vertebrates, three-way-junction (TWJ) in yeasts, and P6/P6.1 in filamentous fungi]. In addition to telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) binding sites, TR has species-specific protein binding moieties required for biogenesis. The most striking characteristic of TR is the astounding divergence in sequence, structure, and size, ranging from 100 nucleotides in ciliates, 400-500 nucleotides in vertebrates, and 1000-2000 nucleotides in fungi.


Below are details on the RNA component sequences, the scientific and common name where applicable, the length, the GC content, the nucleotide sequence (.seq button), the genbank accession numbers that are linked to the record at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and the original literature citations that are linked to the published online journal. The sequences are organized by general taxonomy. The GC% content is not provided for putative/partial sequences. The GC% content has been adjusted, where necessary, to account for any adjustment to the 5' or 3' ends compared to the NCBI record, numbers in parentheses.

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  Vertebrates
Length
(nt)
GC %
Genbank ID
 
References
mammals Homo sapiens (human)
451
67.73
Tupaia glis belangeri (common tree shrew)
467
66.6
Oryctolagus cuniculus (domestic rabbit)
451
68.51
Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)
421
66.27
Chinchilla brevicaudata (short-tailed chinchilla)
447
66.22
Geomys breviceps (gopher)
449
67.71
Microtus ochrogaster (prairie vole)
399
62.16
Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)
382
65.45
Mus musculus (mouse)
397
66.75
Mus spretus (western wild mouse)
397
65.24
Mus musculus castaneus (Asian house mouse)
397
66.75
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
388
60.82
Mustela putorius furo (domestic ferret)
443
66.37
Procyon lotor (raccoon)
444
65.77
Felis catus (cat)
446
65.47
Bos taurus (cattle)
443
65.46
Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis (barking deer)
321
AY760074 (partial sequence)
Sus scrofa (pig)
541
66.91
482
52.07
AF221942 (pseudo gene)
Suncus murinus (Asian house shrew)
451
66.3
Equus caballus (domestic horse)
443
70.2
Dasypus novemcinctus (armadillo)
450
66.44
Dasyurus hallucatus (northern quoll)
508
73.23
Elephas maximus (Asian elephant)
454
67.18
Trichechus manatus (Caribbean manatee)
470
64.26
birds Gallus gallus (chicken)
465
76.77
Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (macaw)
434
71.89
  Chelydra serpentina (snapping turtle)
410
72.44
amphibians Bombina japonica (toad)
412
49.03
Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)
449
58.57
Ceratophrys ornata (ornate horned frog)
405
56.79
Pyxicephalus adspersus (bull frog)
397
59.19
Dermophis mexicanus (Mexican caecilian)
445
59.78
Herpele squalostoma (Congo caecilians)
444
60.36
Typhlonectes natans (Rio Cauca caecilian)
443
57.79
fish Oryzias latipes (Medaka)
312
51.28
Nothobranchius furzeri (turquoise killifish)
133
FJ167673 (GRZ) (partial)
Hartmann et al, 2009
133
FJ167674 (MZM-0403) (partial)
Gasterosteus aculeatus (stickleback)
348
54.02
Takifugu rubripes (Fugu fish)
325
53.54
Tetraodon nigroviridis (green puffer fish)
328
55.49
Danio rerio (zebrafish)
317
48.90
Rhizoprionodon porosus (sharpnose shark)
548
63.32
Mustelus canis (smooth dogfish shark)
559
64.58
Dasyatis sabina (Atlantic stingray)
478
60.25
Chen et al, 2000
Rhinoptera bonasus (cownose ray)
491
59.27
Chen et al, 2000
Petromyzon marinus (sea lamprey)yes
403
63.52
Logeswaran et al, 2020
Lethenteron camtschaticum (arctic lamprey)
404
61.14
Logeswaran et al, 2020
Lampetra planeri (brook lamprey)
423
61.47
Logeswaran et al, 2020
Eptatretus burgeri (Inshore hagfish)
430
49.77
Logeswaran et al, 2020
Eptatretus atami (Brown hagfish)
410
47.80
Logeswaran et al, 2020
collapse

  Invertebrates
Length
(nt)
GC %
Genbank ID
 
References
chordates Asymmetron lucayanum (Bahamas lancelet)
393
56.74
Branchiostoma floridae (Florida lancelet)
418
56.94
Branchiostoma belcheri (Chinese amphioxus)
420
55.69
echinoderms Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (purple sea urchin)
535
41.50
Asterias amurensis (Northern Pacific seastar)
372
45.16
Asterias rubens (common starfish)
370
44.05
Asterias forbesi (Forbes sea star)
325
45.23
Pisaster giganteus (Gaint sea star)
280
43.21
Pisaster ochraceus (Ochre sea star)
428
44.63
Patiria miniata (Bat star)
425
49.65
Patiriella regularis (New Zealand common cushion star)
431
51.74
Acanthaster planci (crown-of-thorns starfish)
441
53.74
Echinaster spinulosus (small spine sea star)
455
50.99
Ophionereis fasciata (mottled brittle star)
420
43.33
  Harrimaniidae sp. n. clade 3 JTC-2014
244
44.67
Ptychodera flava (acorn worm)
440
48.18
  Lingula anatina
397
51.89
  Phoronis australis (marine horseshoe worm)
395
46.84
annelids Capitella teleta
324
50.93
Arenicola marina (lugworm)
239
50.63
Hydroides elegans (calcareous tube worm)
440
45.45
Eisenia fetida (common brandling worm)
414
47.34
Olavius algarvensis
399
47.62
Amynthas corticis
392
54.34
molluscs Pomacea canaliculata (golden apple snail)
411
43.07
Conus tribblei (Tribble's cone)
370
54.32
Rapana venosa (veined rapa whelk)
338
51.78
Haliotis discus hannai (Japanese disc abalone)
402
47.26
Haliotis laevigata (greenlip abalone)
407
47.17
Haliotis tuberculata (green ormer)
369
46.07
Elysia timida
349
40.40
Elysia cornigera
354
40.11
Bathyberthella antarctica
247
46.96
Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel)
349
37.82
Bathymodiolus platifrons
356
37.08
Modiolus philippinarum (Philippine horse mussel)
356
38.76
Pinctada fucata (Akoya pearl oyster)
351
43.30
Pinctada imbricata
367
42.78
Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oyster)
362
44.48
Nodipecten subnodosus (giant lion's paw)
252
45.63
Mizuhopecten yessoensis (Yesso scallop)
333
48.95
cnidaria Acropora digitifera
470
45.96
Acropora cervicornis (staghorn coral)
361
45.15
Acropora hyacinthus
394
47.72
Stylophora pistillata (hood coral)
482
45.85
Seriatopora hystrix (bird's nest coral)
239
43.93
Pseudodiploria strigosa (symmetrical brain coral)
266
47.39
Dipsastraea lizardensis
472
45.34
Orbicella faveolata (mountainous star coral)
486
45.88
Montipora capitata (rice coral)
478
44.98
Galaxea fascicularis (octopus coral)
465
49.46
Porites astreoides (mustard hill coral)
484
47.93
Ctenactis echinata
285
48.77
Anthopleura elegantissima (clonal anemone)
404
44.06
Actinia tenebrosa (Australian red waratah sea anemone)
405
44.20
Corynactis australis
479
47.39
Ricordea yuma
450
44.22
Aurelia aurita (moon jelly)
445
45.84
Chrysaora fuscescens (Pacific sea nettle)
438
42.69
Rhopilema esculentum (flame jellyfish)
382
47.12
Periphylla periphylla (helmet jellyfish)
413
43.34
Calvadosia cruxmelitensis
348
45.11
Lucernaria quadricornis
405
45.68
Craspedacusta sowerbii (peach blossom jellyfish)
433
45.27
  Trichoplax adhaerens
397
44.33
porifera Amphimedon queenslandica
363
37.74
Sycon ciliatum
375
50.93
Oscarella carmela (slime sponge)
406
53.69
collapse

  Fungi
Length
(nt)
GC %
Genbank ID
 
References
  Saitoella complicata
JX173807
  Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast)
1207
35.63
 EU239354
Saccharomycotina Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) S288
1158
35.84
NC_001134 (11-1168)
Saccharomyces pastorianus (lager yeast)
1196
37.79
Saccharomyces kudriavzevii
1215
36.57
Saccharomyces cariocanus
1163
35.54
Saccharomyces bayanus
1219
36.75
Saccharomyces paradoxus
1161
35.06
Saccharomyces mikatae
1215
35.14
Kluyveromyces lactis
1326
40.27
Kluyveromyces wickerhamii
1036
38.80
Kluyveromyces nonfermentans
928
38.58
Kluyveromyces marxianus
1516
37.86
AY151279 (118-1633)
Kluyveromyces dobzhanskii
1316
41.64
Kluyveromyces aestuarii
933
37.83
Candida albicans
1544
35.30
Candida glabrata
~2030
NC_006032 (668084-670574)
Sordariomycetes Neurospora crassa
2049
Neurospora discreta
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Neurospora tetrasperma
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Sordaria macrospora
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Podospora anserina
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Colletotrichum graminicola (Glomerella graminicola)
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Colletotrichum higginsianum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Fusarium graminearum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Fusarium verticillioides
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Fusarium oxysporum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Metarhizium acridum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Metarhizium anisopliae
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Verticillium albo-atrum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Verticillium dahilae
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Trichoderma atroviride
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Trichoderma reesei
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Trichoderma virens
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Acremonium alcalophilum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Nectria haematococca
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Chaetomium globosum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Sporotrichum thermophile
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Cryphonectria parasitica
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Thielavia terrestris
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Magnaporthe oryzae
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Magnaporthe poae
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Gaeumannomyces graminis
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Epichloe festucae
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
  Geomyces destructans
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Botrytis cinerea
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Sclerotina sclerotiorum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
  Cladonia grayi
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Xanthoria parietina
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
  Aspergillus nidulans (Emericella nidulans)
1584
Aspergillus fischeri (Neosartorya fischeri)
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Aspergillus fumigatus
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Aspergillus clavatus
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Aspergillus terreus
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Aspergillus aculeatus
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Aspergillus flavus
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Aspergillus oryzae
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Aspergillus niger
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Aspergillus carbonarius
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Penicillium chrysogenum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Penicillium marneffei
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Blastomyces dermatidis
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Histoplasma capsulatum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Coccidioides immitis
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Coccidioides posadasii
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Uncinocarpus reesii
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Microsporum gypseum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Microsporum canis
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Trichophyton rubrum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Trichophyton equinum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Trichophyton tonsurans
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Arthroderma benhamiae
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Trichophyton verrucosum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Talaromyces stipitatus
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
  Stagonospora nodorum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Pyrenophora teres f. teres
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Setosphaeria trucica
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Cochliobolus heterostrophus
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Alternaria brassicicola
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Leptosphaeria maculans
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Mycosphaerella graminicola (Zymoseptoria tritici)
2425
Mycosphaerella fijiensis
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Septoria musiva
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Dothistroma septosporum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Hysterium pulicare
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Rhytidhysteron rufulum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
  Tuber melanosporum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
Phymatotrichum omnivorum
(no Genbank ID available)(predicted)
* The Genbank records have been adjusted for the 5' and 3' ends, numbers in parentheses.
collapse

  Plants
Length
(nt)
GC %
Genbank ID
References
  Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)
268
46.6
 MN701893 (AB646770.1)
  Daucus carota
276
47.5
 BK011296
  Chrysanthemum seticuspe
283
45.9
 BK011297
  Echium plantagineum
247
49.0
 BK011298
  Aethionema arabicum
267
49.4
 BK011299
  Arabidopsis halleri
269
45.0
 BK011300
  Arabidopsis lyrata
267
43.4
 BK011301
  Arabis alpina
260
43.5
 BK011302
  Arabis montbretiana
271
42.4
 BK011303
  Arabis nordmanniana
268
45.9
 BK011304
  Barbarea vulgaris
265
45.7
 BK011305
  Boechera stricta
267
46.8
 BK011306
  Brassica cretica
275
51.3
 BK011307
  Brassica juncea
268
45.9
 BK011308
  Brassica rapa
269
49.8
 BK011309
  Capsella bursa-pastoris
271
47.2
 BK011310
  Conringia planisiliqua
265
46.8
 BK011311
  Crucihimalaya himalaica
265
48.3
 BK011312
  Euclidium syriacum
238
46.6
 BK011313
  Eutrema heterophyllum
231
45.5
 BK011314
  Eutrema salsugineum
262
47.7
 BK011315
  Eutrema yunnanense
264
47.7
 BK011316
  Leavenworthia alabamica
278
46.8
 BK011317
  Raphanus raphanistrum
255
48.2
 BK011318
  Raphanus sativus
255
47.8
 BK011319
  Schrenkiella parvula
268
46.3
 BK011320
  Sisymbrium irio
269
46.5
 BK011321
  Tarenaya hassleriana
261
54.4
 BK011322
  Thlaspi arvense
265
46.0
 BK011323
  Beta vulgaris
279
50.5
 BK011324
  Cucurbita argyrosperma
249
49.4
 BK011325
  Pisum sativum
266
47.0
 BK011326
  Casuarina equisetifolia
254
55.5
 BK011327
  Coffea eugenioides
266
53.8
 BK011328
  Olea europaea var. sylvestris
256
44.9
 BK011329
  Caryocar brasiliense
269
56.1
 BK011330
  Manihot esculenta
272
54.8
 BK011331
  Populus simonii
274
54.4
 BK011332
  Viola pubescens
259
55.2
 BK011333
  Aquilaria agallochum
277
53.8
 BK011334
  Aquilaria sinensis
266
54.5
 BK011335
  Corchorus capsularis
270
52.2
 BK011336
  Corchorus olitorius
268
52.2
 BK011337
  Durio zibethinus
263
56.7
 BK011338
  Gossypioides kirkii
235
44.7
 BK011339
  Gossypium arboreum
246
48.0
 BK011340
  Gossypium australe
275
46.5
 BK011341
  Gossypium thurberi
249
45.0
 BK011342
  Kokia drynarioides
236
44.9
 BK011343
  Theobroma cacao
264
54.9
 BK011344
  Eucalyptus camaldulensis
249
61.0
 BK011345
  Eucalyptus melliodora
250
60.4
 BK011346
  Aristotelia chilensis
252
52.8
 BK011347
  Cephalotus follicularis
263
52.1
 BK011348
  Macadamia integrifolia
266
48.5
 BK011349
  Rosa chinensis
261
55.6
 BK011350
  Atalantia buxifolia
262
56.1
 BK011351
  Azadirachta indica
259
52.9
 BK011352
  Citrus hindsii
259
54.1
 BK011353
  Citrus clementina
256
55.1
 BK011354
  Xanthoceras sorbifolium
249
55.0
 BK011355
  Cuscuta australis
251
55.8
 BK011356
  Nicotiana rustica
249
43.0
 BK011357
  Nicotiana tabacum
247
44.1
 BK011358
  Solanum tuberosum
259
49.4
 BK011359
  Musa balbisiana
275
51.3
 BK011360
  Posidonia oceanica
246
46.3
 BK011361
  Calamus simplicifolius
276
45.7
 BK011362
  Amborella trichopoda
281
47.3
 BK011363
  Liriodendron chinense
279
49.5
 BK011364
  equoia sempervirens
303
50.2
 BK011365
  Larix sibirica
350
48.9
 BK011366
  Picea glauca
347
48.4
 BK011367
  Picea abies
349
48.4
 BK011368
  Pinus lambertiana
344
48.3
 BK011369
  Pinus taeda
346
48.6
 BK011370
  Pseudotsuga menziesii
348
49.7
 BK011371
  Isoetes echinospora
280
48.9
 BK011372
  Selaginella kraussiana
296
53.7
 BK011373
  Selaginella bryopteris
305
55.1
 BK011374
  Selaginella tamariscina
300
56.7
 BK011375
  Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel)
338
44.08
 PHNY01034214 (1,639 - 1,976)
  Elaeis guineensis (Oil palm)
345
48.99
 NC_025994 (7,710,066 -7,710,410)
  Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm)
337
44.21
 NW_008249538 (6,465 - 6,801)
  Agave tequilana (Blue agave)
292
46.58
 SRR1503763 (transcriptomic)
  Allium angulosum (Mouse garlic)
252
50.79
 (no Genbank ID available)
  Allium cepa (Bulb Onion)
240
47.08
 (no Genbank ID available)
  Allium ericetorum
252
53.17
 (no Genbank ID available)
  Allium fistulosum (Welsh onion)
284
51.86
 (no Genbank ID available)
  Allium nutans (Siberian chives)
223
50.67
 (no Genbank ID available)
  Allium ursinum (Wild garlic)
286
47.90
 (no Genbank ID available)
  Thulbagia violacea (Society garlic)
221
44.34
 (no Genbank ID available)
  Scilla peruviana (Protuguese squill)
230
53.04
 (no Genbank ID available)
  Nolina bigelovii
211
45.02
 (no Genbank ID available)
  Rhodophiala pratensis
167
45.51
 (no Genbank ID available)
  Asparagus officinalis (Garden asparagus)
300
50.67
 NC_033796 (55,677,063 - 55,677,362)
  Dendrobium catenatum
335
41.19
 NW_018285661 (32,785 - 33,119)
  Phalaenopsis equestris
337
44.81
 NW_018251343 (150,474 - 150,810)
  Helianthus annuus (Common sunflower)
331
42.60
 NC_035435 (67,823,458 - 67,823,788)
  Lactuca sativa (Lettuce)
340
51.47
 NW_019679676 (1,407,647 - 1,407,986)
  Brassica oleracea (Wild cabbage)
347
48.41
 NC_027751 (45,321,956 - 45,322,302)
  Capsella rubella (Pink shepard's purse)
345
46.67
 NW_006238920 (7,174,949 - 7,175,293)
  Eutrema parvulum
349
43.27
 CM001190 (12,955,756 - 12,956,104)
collapse

  Ciliates
Length
(nt)
GC %
Genbank ID
References
Oligohymenophea Glaucoma chattoni
161
39.75
 (no Genbank ID available)
Glaucoma sp. ME60q
162
38.27
Tetrahymena thermophila
159
33.96
Greider and Blackburn, 1989
Tetrahymena malaccensis
159
33.96
 (no Genbank ID available)
Romero et al, 1991
Tetrahymena pyriformis
159
33.33
 (no Genbank ID available)
Tetrahymena vorax
158
34.81
Tetrahymena borealis
157
35.03
Tetrahymena silvana
150
34.00
Tetrahymena australis
159
33.33
Tetrahymena pigmentosa
154
35.71
 (no Genbank ID available)
Tetrahymena hyperangularis
153
35.95
 (no Genbank ID available)
Tetrahymena capricornis
156
35.90
Tetrahymena hegewischi
155
37.42
 (no Genbank ID available)
Tetrahymena paravorax
147
40.14
Colpidium striatum
161
38.51
Colpidium colpoda
157
37.58
Colpidium campylum
161
38.51
Paramecium tetraurelia
205
36.10
Paramecium primaurelia
205
36.59
205
29.27
U45435 (pseudo gene)
Paramecium multimicronucleatum
201
34.33
Paramecium caudatum
203
35.96
Spirotrich Euplotes aediculatus
189
37.57
Euplotes eurystomus
189
37.04
Euplotes crassus
191
40.31
Oxytricha nova (Sterkiella nova)
190
47.37
Oxytricha trifallax (Sterkiella histriomuscorum)
186
46.77
Stylonychia mytilis
189
45.50
Stylonychia lemnae
189
46.03
collapse

  Other Protists
Length
(nt)
GC %
Genbank ID
References
  Plasmodium falciparum (malaria parasite)
1084
AL929357 (96976-98058)
(putative)
Plasmodium vivax (human parasite)
1304
(PlasmoDB) (putative)
Chakrabarti et al, 2007
Plasmodium knowlesi (monkey parasite)
1254
(PlasmoDB) (putative)
Chakrabarti et al, 2007
Plasmodium berghei (rodent parasite)
889
(PlasmoDB) (putative)
Chakrabarti et al, 2007
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (rodent parasite)
827
(PlasmoDB) (putative)
Chakrabarti et al, 2007
Plasmodium yoelii yoelii (rodent parasite)
885
(PlasmoDB) (putative)
Chakrabarti et al, 2007
collapse

  Viruses
Length
(nt)
GC %
Genbank ID
References
  MDV-1 (Marek's disease alphaherpesvirus 1) RB1B
442
73.53
 AF331499 (160-601)
MDV-2 (Marek's disease alphaherpesvirus 2) GA
446
72.65
 AF147806 (246-691)
Md5
442
73.53
 AF243438 (1676-2117)
RM-1
442
73.53
EF526179 (3436-3877)
(reverse complement)